SMELTING (SMELTING)

Destination: Change ore into a rough metal concentration by separating gangue.

Process:
Ore sulfide is inserted into a furnace at high temperatures, where worthless minerals (usually iron) react with flux (e.g. limestone) form slack (oxidation).
Valuable metal is concentrated in the matte phase.

At the conversion stage, matte was processed again in the converter furnace to turn precious metal into a shape Rough pure metal, while the rest of iron and silica remain in slag form.

Example: Copper and nickel production in electric furnaces; coke and chalk smelting iron.

PEARNIAN (REFINING)

Destination: Remove remaining Perfectity After the fusion and the main extraction to make metals reach commercial purity.
Method:

♪ Refining by fire ♪: Warming metal in a special furnace to vaporize or oxidize dirt.

Refining by electrolysis: A rough metal is made anode in electrolytic cells to move the pure metal ions to the cathode.

Refining by chemical: Using chemical reactions (e.g. selective solute) to separate the imprecities.
Result: Metals such as silver, gold, copper, or aluminum reach >99.9 % purity.

Thus, the smelting produces rough metal concentrate, while refining makes the metal practically free of impregnancy For commercial applications.